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Notes for Contributors October 2010

CNS Style Sheet

General Style

General Writing Style: Although CNS is an academic journal, we strive to make the material in our pages clear and accessible to a wide audience. Therefore, we encourage contributors to use clear, plain language and avoid academic jargon.
Spelling: CNS uses U.S. English spellings and usage. In particular, use -ize instead of -ise, for example, globalize, not globalise; -er instead of -re, for example, center, not centre; and
-or instead of -our, for example, labor, not labour.
Quotations: Use double quotation marks generally, and single quotation marks within a quote. Punctuation is within quotation marks.
Dates: Dates are written month, day, and year: August 27, 2005. Decades are either written out, for example, the seventies, or notated as the 1970s. Note that there is no apostrophe here. A range of years uses all four digits: 1994-1996, 1999-2004. Centuries are notated with numbers, for example, 20th century.
Abbreviations: Abbreviations of countries are written with periods between the letters, for example: U.S. for United States, U.K. for the United Kingdom, and U.S.S.R. for the former United Soviet Socialist Republic. Other abbreviations are written without periods. For example: NRDC for the Natural Resources Defense Council.
Displayed Extracts: Direct quotes of more than one long sentence are set apart from the rest of the text by indentation at both ends. Quotation marks are not used around these extracts. Added words that are not found in the original quote are in square brackets to indicate that they are not part of the original quote.
Emphasis: Italicize words for emphasis instead of underlining them.
Reference Citations
As of the beginning of Vol. 22 (March 2011), CNS will no longer use footnotes for citing references. Instead we use the author-date system of documentation. The author-date system utilizes very brief citations in parentheses within the text, along with a complete list of sources at the end of the article. Our style for reference citations comes from The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition.
Reference List
Alphabetical arrangement:
The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order and not divided into sections unless very different kinds of materials are listed. All sources are listed by the last name of the author followed by a comma and the initials of the first name of the author. (See Single versus multiple authors below for details on listing of multiple authors.) If the work is an edited volume, the author(s) is/are identified as ed. or eds. One or more translators are identified as trans.
If two authors share the same last name and same initials, use their full name. For example:
Richards, A. Elizabeth
Richards, Alexander E.
Date of publication:
Because the text citation consists of the last name of the author(s) and date of publication, the date in the reference list appears directly after the name instead of with the publication details. The date is followed by a period instead of a comma.
If the work is undated, it is either designated “n.d.” or “forthcoming.” For a previously published work, use “n.d.” For a work under contract by a publisher that is not yet out at the time of publication, use “forthcoming.”
Titles—capitalization, italics, and quotation marks:
Titles and subtitles of books and articles in a reference list are capitalized sentence style, where only the first word of the title and subtitle are capitalized, but the rest is lower case. If the title contains a proper noun, it is capitalized just as it would be in a normal sentence. Titles of books are italicized.
Here are some examples:
Marx, K. 1990. Capital vol. 1.Trans. London: Penguin Classics.
Wright, S. 1994. Molecular politics: Developing American and British regulatory policy for genetic engineering, 1972-1982. Chicago and London: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Names of journals are italicized and capitalized headline style, and the name of the journal is spelled out rather than abbreviated. The title of the article is not in quotes.
Clark, J. 2010. The tragedy of common sense, part one: The power of myth. Capitalism Nature Socialism 21 (3): 35-54.
Note that the Clark reference above contains the volume and issue number “21(3)” of the journal as well as the page numbers of the article.
Single author versus multiple authors:
Single author entries precede a multiauthor entry beginning with the same name. In multiple author entries, only the first author’s name is inverted. For example:
Mies, M. 1986. Patriarchy & accumulation on a world scale: Women in the international division of labor. London and New York: Zed Books.
Mies, M. and V. Bennholdt-Thomsen. 1999. The subsistence perspective: Beyond the globalized economy. London and New York: Zed Books.
Mies, M. and V. Shiva. 1993. Ecofeminism. London and New Jersey: Zed Books.
Successive entries by two or more authors in which only the first author’s name is the same are alphabetized according to the coauthors’ last names.
The 3-em dash for repeated names in a reference list:
For successive entries by the same author(s), translator(s), or editor(s), a 3-em dash replaces the names after the first listing. The entries are ordered chronologically by date of publication. Undated works designated “n.d.” or “forthcoming” are listed after all dated works.
Here’s an example of what this looks like:
Schuman, H. and J. Scott. 1987. Problems in the use of survey questions to measure public opinion. Science 236: 957-59.
——. 1989. Generations and collective memories. American Sociological Review 54: 359-81.
For edited, translated, or compiled volumes, the 3-em dash replaces only the preceding name or names, not an added “ed.,” “trans.,” or “comp.” Despite the added abbreviation, the chronological order of the listing is maintained.
Salleh, A. 1997. Ecofeminism as politics: Nature, Marx and the postmodern. London and New York: Zed Books.
——, ed. 2009. Eco-sufficiency and global justice: Women write political ecology. London: Pluto Press.
If two or more works by the same author(s) is/are published in the same year, add “a,” “b,” “c,” and so on to the date to distinguish between them. These entries are alphabetized by title.
Beijing Zoo. 1974a. Observations on the breeding of the giant panda and the raising of its young [in Chinese]. Acta Zoologica Sinica 20: 139-47.
——. 1974b. On the diseases of the giant panda and their preventive and curative measures [in Chinese]. Acta Zoologica Sinica 20: 154-61.
The 3-em dash can also be used if the author of the work is an institution or corporation. For example:
U.S. Senate. 1917. Committee on Public Lands. Leasing of oil lands. 65th Cong., 1st sess.
——. 1919-1920. Committee on Foreign Relations. Investigations of Mexican affairs. 2 vols. 66th Cong., 2nd sess.
——. 1924. Committee on Public Lands. Leases upon naval oil reserves. 68th Cong., 1st sess.
Although the committees listed in the above examples are, strictly speaking, the authors, citing the U.S. Senate as the author and placing the date before the name of the committee allows for more workable text citation (e.g., “U.S. Senate 1917”). But if context suggests otherwise, exercise editorial discretion.

Text Citations
Agreement of text citation and full reference:
Author-date citations in the text must correspond exactly in both name and date to the full entries in the reference list, and each text citation must be correlated with an entry in the reference list.
When a specific page reference is given in the text citation, it must fall within the range of pages given for the article in the reference list.
It is the author’s responsibility to make sure that the references are accurate and complete.
Basic form:
Text citations generally consist of the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses within the text or at the end of a block quotation. There is no punctuation between the name and year.
(Piaget 1980) – basic text citation
If a page number is cited, it comes after the year and is separated by a comma.
(Piaget 1980, 74) – text citation with page number
Here are some examples of citations that note other parts of the work:
(Piaget 1980, sec. 24) – text citation with section number
(Barnes 1998, vol. 2) – text citation with volume number
(Barnes 1998, 2: 354-55) – text citation with volume number (2) and pages (354-55)
If the author’s name is in the text, it isn’t repeated in the parenthetical citation.
The horrors of famine in India were only the most brutal manifestation of a long, complex history of exploitation and immiseration. Davis notes that “only moneylenders, absentee landlords, urban merchants, and a handful 0f indigenous industrialists seem to have benefited consistently from India’s renewed importance in world trade (2002, 312).
Duplicate names and year of publication:
When the reference list contains two or more works by different authors with the same last name, the text citation must include the initial of the first name or the first and middle name in order to distinguish between the two in the text citation:
(C. Jones 2009)
(M.J. Jones 2003)
When a reference list includes two or more works published in the same year by the same author(s), both the reference list and text citation must use alphabetical letters to distinguish between them:
(Zinn 2000a)
(Parry 2009b, 2009c)
Multiple authors:
For works by two or three authors, include all of their names. Use “and” instead of an ampersand, which should only be used for corporate names:
(Nader, Brownstein and Richard 1981)
For more than three authors, use only the name of the lead author followed by “et al.” (notice, et al. is not italicized in the text citation):
(Koplow et al. 2010)
If referring to the work by name in the sentence, use “and others”:
In a study by Koplow and others (2010),…
If the reference list contains another work published in the same year that would also be abbreviated as “Koplow et al.” but the other work has different coauthors or they are listed in a different order, the text citation should list the first two or three authors to distinguish between them:
(Koplow, Lin, Jung et al. 2010)
(Koplow, Thöne, Lontoh et al. 2010)
Placement of text citations:
Text citations that don’t follow block quotations are usually placed just before a mark of punctuation. For example:
Energy corporations have been supremely successful at manipulating the political process, which supports them with massive subsidies (Koplow, et al. 2010).
But not if it is a full sentence direct quote:
“The profits from grain exports, meanwhile, were pocketed by richer zaminders, moneylenders, and grain merchants—not the direct producers.” (Davis 2002, 51)
Or a block quotation:
The problem with that, insofar as we remain in a capitalist order, kicking at Wall Street
Really will hit ordinary workers. This is why the Democrats who supported the bailout
were not being inconsistent with their leftist leanings. (Zizek 2009, 15)
Multiple references:
Two or more references in a single text citation are separated by semicolons.
Energy corporations and their proponents manipulate the public sphere by engaging in sophisticated propaganda campaigns to both strengthen the perceived need for fossil fuels and confuse public debate by distorting facts about the environmental harm of extracting and burning them (Hogan and Littlemore 2009; Oreskes and Conway 2010; Gelbspan 1998; Pearce 2007).
Additional works by the same author(s) are given by date only, separated by commas except where page numbers are required. If citing the page, use a comma to separate it from the year and then a semicolon to separate other years.
(Chomsky 1969, 1996, 2003; Zinn 1980, 2000a, 2007)
(Chomsky 1969, 124; 1996, 59; 2003; Zinn 1980; 2000a; 2007)Author-date system with footnotes:
Expository footnotes can be used to expand on a point that the author doesn’t wish to include in the main text. Source citations within footnotes are treated the same way as in the text:
19 The Marcellus Shale stretches from New York south and west through much of Pennsylvania into the eastern third of Ohio and down through western Maryland into most of West Virginia. A sliver runs along most of Virginia’s western border. It encompasses a tiny portion of Kentucky at its easternmost point, and a very thin finger reaches into eastern Tennessee (Gillespie 2009, 37).
Acknowledgments:
If acknowledgements are required, they are marked by an asterisk footnote either after the title of the paper or the author’s byline.
Here are examples of both:
Capitalism, Socialism, and Economic Democracy: Reflections on
Today’s Crisis and Tomorrow’s Possibilities*
*A version of this paper was originally presented at the Left Forum in New York City, April 17, 2010.
Costas Panayotakis*
*The author thanks Joel Kovel and Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro for their helpful comments on an early draft of this paper.
Other style questions: For style issues not addressed in this style sheet, consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition or feel free to contact the Managing Editor Karen Charman at managingeditor@cnsjournal.org.